3. PROVIDE PRICE INCENTIVES TO STIMULATE DEMAND. Scaling-up hydrogen use to the degree necessary requires widespread willingness among potential consumers, particularly in commercial applications, to use the fuel. That will occur only when it is economically viable for them to do so. Demand potential is very large, but suppliers must be able to deliver hydrogen to end users at competitive prices, which at present they are unable to manage. Industrial conversion costs are significant, as are operational costs. Greater demand and therefore supply will bring prices down, but a set of stimuli is needed during the scaling-up period. We see urgent need for state provision of monetary incentives to improve the economics of hydrogen for early adopters, as occurred so successfully with renewable energy. Production, consumption, or both could be subsidized. During the next decade, Italy must reach 70GW of new renewable energy generation to meet national climate-change targets. We have a great deal of work to do, and hydrogen is very important to this agenda for its potential contribution to decarbonization. We must quickly achieve high penetration in An article by specific areas, particularly industry and mobility applications. RENATO MAZZONCINI We must improve knowledge, set standards, remove disincentives, and push to create demand. The widespread Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director, cooperation and concrete support of policymakers is essential in A2A these four areas to enable the success of the emerging hydrogen economy. 47